When you took the AP Lang test but you didn’t read anything about frogs, windmills, or some lady with her snails
Well now I can correctly moonwalk away from uncomfortable situations
Because everyone deserves to know how to do a mean moonwalk.
guYS THIS IS IMPORTANT
I definitely reblogged this sitting down not getting up to do the moonwalk at all
a wild egg appeared?
everyone who reblogs it before Oct 25 will get a Pokemon based on their blog in their submit inbox (make sure submit is open!)
happy hatching!
Great!
When you know you aren’t going to get a national merit scholarship but you’re still taking the PSAT for the memes
Awwwww
My sensitive self can’t take this. this is beautiful 😫😢💕
I love Gordon.
She’s blind and he was making all the points about the pie in a way she could respond to: sound. He is an amazing man
Not to mention Christine won Master Chef that year.
I reblog Gordon Ramsey every time he appears
i reblog this every time it comes on my dash and i will until the day i die or this hellsite does
😩😩😩😭😩😭😭
Damn it guys!!!
Now idk why I clicked on this again I done seen this a million times and I do the same shit everytime 😩
😭😭😭
Organic Chemistry: Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes
Hey all! I wanted to put together a few review guides for the reactions I learned in my organic chemistry 1 class. I’m starting off with the alkene-related reactions, specifically with electrophilic additions. Despite being super hard to fully conceptualize (I still have trouble with them!!), they’re very important to recognize, because the same patterns repeat with other reaction types, particularly with alkynes. I’ll go through each reaction type here with a quick mechanism and jot down important bits of info. But before I start, I used a lot of abbreviations, so here’s a key:
- R+ is carbocation
- R is any group with a carbon
- IM is intermediate
- X is halogen
- E+ is electrophile
- RDS is rate-determining step
- HOMO is highest occupied molecular orbital
- LUMO is lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
- Squiggly lines indicate enantiomers formed due to alternating wedges and dashes
Addition of HX
- Introducing Markovnikov’s rule: the formation of a more stable R+ is favored b/c it’s a lower energy process
- Alkene additions proceed faster via a more stable R+ IM (kinetics)
- Tri-substituted carbons are favored over mono-substituted carbons
- X is added to the more substituted carbon
- Always watch for stereochemistry! Enantiomers can be formed as products
Carbocation Rearrangements
- Carbocation rearrangements will occur so the R+ is as stable as possible
- That’s why the Markovnikov product won’t always be the major product
- Rearrangements usually occur through hydride shifts, but alkyl shifts can also happen if that’s the only possible route
- Remember: always check to see where the positive charge is at− if you can shift a hydrogen or methyl group over to make that carbon extra substituted, then it’s probably right
- With the orbital alignment (aka alkyl shift), there’s a filled-empty orbital overlap, where the migrating bond is aligned with the empty 2p orbital
Ring Expansions
- Some questions are gonna ask you to do ring expansions, so always think alkyl shifts (again, this is so we form the most stable R+)
- NUMBER. YOUR. CARBONS. This will get messy
- Note that even though the di-substituted carbon doesn’t change after the first arrow, the shape changes from cyclopentane to cyclohexane, so it’s thermodynamically more stable
Hydration
- This follows Markovnikov’s rule− the OH group is always on the more substituted carbon of the alkene
- Also this is pretty much a repeat of HX addition, but with some acid-base action
- Pro-tip: your catalyst, H3O+, is always gonna be the electrophile, and your nucleophile is always gonna be the double bond, so START THERE!
- There’s gotta be water after that first step (hydration, duh)
- Your water is now a nucleophile, and it’s gonna start attacking the R+
- Remember to follow through with any possible R+ rearrangements− we won’t need it here b/c the R+ is already tri-substituted
- Your catalyst MUST be regenerated!! *insert acid-base reaction*
- Side note: alkene dehydration is the reverse of hydration and is an E1 process
- DON’T ADD H2O/H3O+ UNDER DEHYDRATION CONDITIONS
- Instead, use a strong acid, like concentrated H2SO4
Oxymercuration-Demercuration
- This is essentially an alkene “hydration” w/o the rearrangement part
- We don’t have rearrangement b/c the mercurinium ion doesn’t have a carbon
- When the mercurinium ion bridge breaks, the nucleophile (in the second example, water), attacks the MORE substituted carbon, whereas the HgOAc attacks onto the LESS substituted carbon
- The OH and HgOAc add ANTI to each other, but then the H from BH4- changes orientation on the LESS substituted carbon (forming diastereomers)
- Side note: as a variation, you can also use an alcohol (ROH) instead of H2O in the oxymercuration step
Hydroboration/ Oxidation
- The double bond nucleophile attacks the empty orbital in BH3
- The BH3 attaches onto the LESS substituted carbon, so the positive charge builds on the MORE substituted carbon
- I like drawing the third H in BH3 as an extension of BH2, so I can visually see the hydride shift
- The OH from the peroxide basically replaces the BH2
- The specific steps with BH3 get messy, so I was taught a revised method− basically, a concerted addition of BH3 w/ an internal H- transfer
- There is regioselectivity in the sense that the partial positive charge follows Markovnikov’s rule
- There is stereospecificity due to the syn (same side) addition of H and BH2 in the hydroboration product
Alkene Halogenation
- Note that I2 doesn’t work here as a possible halogen
- Markovnikov regioselectivity is present
- There is ANTI stereospecificity, as in the two individual X’s from X2 attach themselves as opposite wedges and dashes
Alkene Halohydrin Formation
- This is very similar to the previous alkene halogenation, except the second X in X2 doesn’t attach onto the final product
- Rather, the nucleophile replaces the second X
- Markovnikov regioselectivity is also present (this is SN1-like)
- There is ANTI stereospecificity yet again (this is SN2-like)
And that’s it! Well, this is a good chunk of alkene reactions (and a pretty brief version of it). Regardless, I hope this is helpful! I hope to follow up with extra review mechanisms for additional alkene and alkyne reactions. Thanks for reading!!
Article: MAJOR CHARACTER DEATH IN FIRST SCENE OF ‘INFINITY WAR’.
Me:
Lmfaooooooooooooooooo I shouldn’t be laughing but bruhhhhh
LMFAO 😭😭😭😭
😭😭😭
This is by far and away the most accurate representation of my life lmfaoaoaoaooooo
OMFGGGGGGG 😭😭😩
Lmao who thought that was a good idea
Got a reaction either way lol
when he surprise nut in your face
I’ve been telling you all for eons, read the DC/Colonel Sanders crossover stories. They’re wild af
Mark Hamill goodnaturedly patting Chadwick Boseman on the shoulder to celebrate his success is one of the most blessed images I’ve ever seen.
This is the Money Chadwick. Reblog In 47 minutes to get 48 million dollars.
‘The Lost Generation’ is a sad poem about society that ends with “all this will come true unless we choose to reverse it.” If you read it backwards, each line has an opposite meaning, and it becomes happy. Source
IM THIS PETTY
Pulling out all receipts!!
Why can’t I stop watching this
I swear to god I’ve watched this like fifty times and I can’t stop laughing
He l p m e
I forgot I reblogged this to my main and I’m dYING
A group of rough looking boys walked past me today and all I heard of their conversation was “he’s got that anxiety disorder bro so I went with him so he’d be more comfortable” and it made me realise the world isn’t all that bad
The pet store I worked at had a pen with rabbits near the front door. On every side of the pen were huge signs saying “You can pet me, but don’t pick me up!” One day two absolutely huge guys came in and one immediately reaches into the pen to grab a rabbit. Before i could say anything his friend grabbed his arm and asked him “did you see the sign?” He said “yeah! it says that you can pick them up but don’t pet them!” Then he went quiet for a moment and softly said “I didn’t read it right did I?” And his friend just puts his arm on his shoulder and said “its ok, i know you’ve got that thing where words get mixed up. Let just pet these cute lil shits” And I still haven’t gotten over that interaction.
I was walking my dog through Boston bc he likes the likes car rides. He’s a little thing tbh we call him short and long. So this huge scary man with a full beard approaches me like “hey can my buddy and I pet your dog? He gets nervous around dogs but your’s is so small I think it’s a good place to start.” Ofc I was like “yes he’s very friendly!” So this guy brings his equally big friend over and they sit on the floor while this man looks terrified of my tiny dog so big man number one asks “can I pick him up?” And i say yes so he picks him up and puts him on man number two’s lap and man number two is abt to freak out and his friend straight up just goes “hey man, it’s okay just relax I’d never let anything hurt you. He’s a good boy.” I’ll never forget it ever bc I know that man looked at me (5'3 , glasses, probably wearing a sweater vest) and my dog (kinda goofy looking little thing) and was like ‘ah yes the two least intimidating living things I’ve seen in Boston all day he’ll feel relaxed around them’ and went out of his way to help his friend. It makes me so happy
A good post, pure.
Another adorable story has been added.
can I have these posted right under the politics section in the newspaper? I feel like we need that kinda positivity rn.
Russian family isolated in the Siberian wilderness for 40 year - WTF fun facts
seduce me with ur history knowledge
vikings made their woman handle the finances because they thought math is witchcraft
During a military campaign, Vlad the Impaler, the basis for Dracula, once pulled his troops out of a major engagement in a valley at dusk so that the sun was in their enemies’ eyes. Once they were over the hill, they set loose a bunch of rabid bats who flew away from the sun (towards the enemy) and attacked them, leading to significant infection in their ranks, and Vlad’s eventual victory. Because of how the bats appeared from where Vlad’s soldiers appeared to be at dusk, myth stated that the soldiers turned into bats at night, which is where the “Dracula can change into a bat” thing came from.
raphael, the renaissance painter, literally fucked himself to death
during the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan Ibrahim I had 280 of his concubines drowned in the ocean after ONE of them slept with another man.
The earths carbon levels fell by 700 million tons because Genghis Khan killed so many people
King James (the one known for revising the Bible) liked to watch women give birth. That’s where the “tradition” of women laying on their backs to give birth comes from.
Previous to that it was common for women to have chairs with holes in them and straw underneath, so they could sit on this special chair and let gravity help with the birthing process.
Spicy foods were thought to increase libido and cause children to masturbate. To prevent kids from touching themselves at night, a man named Kellogg invented the blandest combination of cereals, marketed it at kids, and called it Corn Flakes
At the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, a small group of Union soldiers had run out of ammo against a large group of the Confederate Army. In a panic, the Union soldiers sprinted at them, screaming, with only bayonets drawn. The entire Confederate Army that was present turned and ran away in fear, not knowing that they had literally no ammunition.
When the Roman Emperor Caligula went to invade Britain he stood on the coast of Gaul with his army and suddenly declared war on Neptune, God of the Sea. He had his men collect sea shells from the shore as “spoils from the Ocean”.
Oh and he appointed his horse to the senate.
During the Austro-Prussian war of 1868, Liechtenstein sent over an army of 80 people, but ended up coming back with 81 people because they befriended a guy on the other side.
People refused to send art and sculptures to be displayed at the Chicago World’s Fair because of Chicago’s history with fire. They had to fireproof the Fine Arts building to get people to agree to loan them their art. A year after the fair closed most of the grounds were destroyed by fire but the Fine Arts building survived. It’s now the Museum of Science and Industry.
The carbon emissions thing from Ghenghis Khan is not the whole story. He also planted trees wherever he conquered land because he liked trees and thought they were important. He conquered enough to make an impact on the global climate.
Radu III, brother of Vlad III( Vlad the Impaler) nearly killed Mehmed II, the future Sultan of the Ottoman’s, after Mehmed invited him up to his chambers. Radu, seemingly unaware that the offer was sexual in nature, was startled when Mehmed embraced and then tried to kiss him. Radu stabbed the prince in the leg, then ran and hid in a tree. They later became lovers, and maintained a relationship for the rest of their lives
Just googled the last one because holy shit that’s magnificent and seemed to good to be true, but not only did it actually happen, but I also learned that radu was known as “radu the beautiful”
fun date idea: stab him in the leg
Well, a lot has happened today and it’s only 10:45am EST.
Here’s a rundown:
NBC News’ chairman Andrew Lack told staff that “while this is the first complaint about [Lauer’s] behavior,” there’s reason to believe “this may not have been an isolated incident.”
Donald Trump has retweeted three anti-Muslim videos posted by the deputy leader of the far-right British political party Britain First.
The videos originally posted by Jayda Fransen are captioned “Muslim Destroys a Statue of Virgin Mary!”, “Islamist mob pushes teenage boy off roof and beats him to death!”, and “Muslim migrant beats up Dutch boy on crutches!”
Former Bosnian Croat general Slobodan Praljak stood up and appeared to drink from a small bottle as his 20-year sentence was upheld at the criminal tribunal over the Yugoslav conflict. Warning: Video in this article may be considered disturbing.
C.B. Cebulski, writing under the name Akira Yoshida, was even praised at one point as one of “Japan’s greatest comic book creators.”
Lucian Wintrich, a reporter with the Gateway Pundit, was arrested Tuesday night at the University of Connecticut, where he was delivering a speech titled “It’s OK to Be White.”
And finally, the trailer for Avengers: Infinity War just dropped:
1pm update:
MPR is severing all ties with Keillor, including ending rebroadcasts of “The Best of A Prairie Home Companion.” They will also change the name of the weekly music and variety program, now hosted by Chris Thile.
The company is laying off about 100 employees in the US and restructuring its advertising sales team. President Greg Coleman is moving into an advisory role, and there are editorial and business cuts in the UK.
The fix can be downloaded in the Mac App Store now.
And a 5:30pm update:
American Airlines is scrambling after a reported scheduling glitch accidentally gave too many of its pilots time off for the holidays — leaving 15,000 flights without enough crew.
Andrew Kreisberg was fired after an investigation conducted by Warner Bros. into allegations of inappropriate touching and harassment leveled by 15 women and four men who worked with him.
Chinese actor Liu Yifei, also known as Crystal Liu, will play the heroic character in the 2019 adaptation.
Attorney General Jeff Sessions named pollster Kellyanne Conway, counselor to President Donald Trump, to lead White House initiatives against the opioid overdose epidemic.